Researchers caught a rooster doing a hen’s job: passing on mitochondrial DNA to his chicks. Mitochondria, the energy-generating organelles inside cells, carry a circular chromosome containing genes needed to make the mitochondria and keep them running. The long-held rule was that these powerhouses of the cell are inherited only from the mother. But some birds in a 50-generation family of White Plymouth Rock chickens at Virginia Tech broke that rule.
via Roosters run afoul of genetic rules | Science News.
The extent to which male animals pass on mitochondrial DNA to their offspring is not completely known, but if it is a major transfer, then all bets on mitochondrial inheritance are off. My guess is that this is a minor pathway for inheritance but that it will require a complete rethinking of the mechanisms of mitochondrial inheritance.
Expect a major reshuffling of the accepted rules for mitochondrial DNA; this will take time but will completely change the inheritance patterns that we expect and change the conclusions drawn from the previous assumption of female-only mitochondrial inheritance.
Aware that irja is its theological antidote, the Islamic State presents it as a lack of religious piety. It is, however, true piety combined with humility — the humility that comes from honoring God as the only judge of men. On the other hand, the Islamic State’s zeal to dictate, which it presents as piety, seems to be driven by arrogance — the arrogance of judging all other men, and claiming power over them, in the name of God.
via A Medieval Antidote to ISIS – The New York Times.
If there is a moderate form of Islam, this is it. I recommend this article to all open-minded people who know that there are almost as many Muslims as Christians in the world and know that we all have to live together, or we will all die together.
Driving to Jacksonville
This is a first draft. Anyone with comments or who has personal knowledge that can contribute to this story, please send your comments here.
Driving to Jacksonville
I was about eight years old in 1962 when my father (Theodore) drove me (Conrad) to Jacksonville, Illinois from Denver, Colorado. We were living in Denver with my sister (Cathy), me, and my mother (Greta) when my father came back from a trip. Unbeknownst to me, my father was dating a woman named Vicki, who would soon become my stepmother.
By this time, he had me living with him part of the time at his bachelor apartment with a closed-in porch that I slept in. One day, he threw out some old magazines, Playboys, and left a pile of them on the stoop. I came in, saw the magazines, and sat down to start reading them. He noticed that I was reading them, but he didn’t say anything, just let me keep on reading. I didn’t understand at that time what it was all about, or why there were so many pictures of naked women (with their pubic areas discreetly obscured.)
This was part of my desensitization to pornography and other shocking things. My father didn’t know it at the time, but he was making the pornography uninteresting to me by not reacting to my reading it. Maybe he did realize that not reacting was the best way to deal with it.
Another day, he stacked some milk cartons (at that time, they were made of waxed cardboard), crushing them and putting several crushed cartons inside another one. Then he set them on the sidewalk and lit them. They burned, slowly, for an hour, as the wax melted and contributed to the fire. I was impressed that so much energy could be obtained from old wax milk cartons.
He had an old Nash car, which was on its last legs, but it ran and got us where we wanted to go. Nash automobiles were last produced in 1957; I don’t know what year this car was, but it had to have been at least five years old or more in 1962. Here is a picture of a 1946 Nash four-door sedan from Wikipedia:

The three of us, mother, me, and my sister, were living in the student apartments, a group of three-story dormitory-like buildings of brick with basement common rooms. Our apartment had two bedrooms and my sister and I slept in one, on a bunk bed. My mother slept in the other bedroom.
The kitchen had a window that looked out over the yard between the buildings. During that time, I had many friends among the children who lived there while their parents were studying at the university. We played hide and seek, even at night, and met in the common rooms.
One day I was playing with matches in the window well of a basement common room. There were bushes around the window well so it was hard to see in. I wanted to strike a match and see what it looked like. The ground in the window well was wet and slippery, and I pitched over backwards onto the glass. I hit the glass with the back of my head, broke the glass, and cut myself in the occipital area of my head.
I stumbled out of the window well, ignoring the broken window behind me. My first concern was that my brains would fall out. Crying and screaming, I ran to the nearest first floor apartment and banged on the door. Blood was pouring out of the back of my head onto my shirt. The lady who answered must have been shocked, by her expression, and she helped me to my parents.
They took me to a hospital, and the doctor put thirteen stitches on the back of my head. My father took me home in his friend’s sports car after that; I think it was a Triumph TR-3. I stayed with my father more at his apartment. Here is a picture of a Triumph TR-3A, the most popular TR-3 model:

I was confused and upset by my parent’s separation; I didn’t know what was going on, and they didn’t explain it to me. I knew that they had been arguing a lot, but that seemed to have stopped after they were separated.
We had been living in Hawaii; I was four when we moved there, and six when we went back to California. We flew to San Francisco, and my mother, my sister, and I moved in with her mother. I don’t know where my father was at that time. My mother argued a lot with her mother.
We moved to Davis, where my mother enrolled in the University of California, Davis for graduate school. I learned how to ride a bicycle in Davis, but other than that nothing happened. I still didn’t know where my father was; I only saw him once in a while.
We moved to Denver, and that was where I started seeing a lot more of my father. Apparently he had been working and going to school at the University of Denver the entire time. My mother, my sister, and I first lived in a nice brick house which had a basement; at Christmas I got an Erector set.
My mother stitched a large number of stuffed animals while we were living in that house; my sister arranged them all on her bed so that there was just room for her to lie down surrounded by stuffed animals.
One day my father told me that we were going to move to a new place, that it would be good for me. I had already had a number of tests of intelligence and creativity, part of his thesis for his doctorate in psychology. He was studying at the University of Denver to get his PhD in psychology. He said that because he was getting a doctorate, he would be able to take this really good job in Jacksonville.
It was only when we were in the car, the Nash, that I started asking questions about my sister and my mother. He told me that he and my mother had gotten a divorce, and that Cathy was going with her and I was going with him. I told him I didn’t like the fact that he had gotten a divorce. He said to me, “She was the one who asked for a divorce. It wasn’t my idea.”
I only found out years later that my father had told my mother that he had gone to a judge and had gotten custody of me and left my sister in my mother’s custody. He said the judge had ordered him to pay child support to my mother for my sister. He really wanted to avoid paying child support to my mother for me; that was part of his motivation for taking me with him when he moved to Jacksonville.
The part about going to a judge was all a lie; he had never gone to a judge, but he felt that telling her that would make it easier for her to comply with what he thought was right.
He also felt that my mother wouldn’t raise me right and that I would be intellectually stunted if he left me with her. For example, my mother told me that I didn’t have to memorize the multiplication tables, that I was too smart for that, and I should be studying other things. In fact, I finally did learn to memorize the multiplication tables and it took just a few minutes of study, well worth the time. Now, after memorizing the tables, I was able to do all those things, multiplication and division, in my head, and that made shopping, for example, a lot easier.
I also had terrible penmanship, and when I started doing math problems, the numbers would wander all over the page. My father had Vicki work with me to straighten up the numbers into columns so that the mathematics problems would be easier to understand; without the straight columns, it was difficult to do multiplication and division problems on paper (this was before calculators replaced doing these things with a pencil and paper.)
I said I wanted to see my mother and my sister again and my father said that they would come and visit us. I didn’t like it but there was nothing I could do. Later when I was really upset, after we had been in Jacksonville for a few months, I started thinking about how I could get back to Denver. I knew it was eight hundred miles, but I thought, “If I start walking now, maybe someone will pick me up and take me along.” I thought of all the cold and snow on the way, but I was so upset I just wanted to get up and start walking back to Denver.
I got sick and had a fever, and I wanted to see my mother, but she couldn’t come. I felt really small, like a bug on the bedspread, and everything was as big as mountains. I walked and walked along the spread, and I was still in the same place. Then everything reversed and I felt vertiginous as the scale seemed to slide back in place.
It was dark as we drove down the highway, there was no moon, and the headlights of passing cars were the only things we could see, white in front of us and red behind us. Not driving, being a passenger, just looking out the side window, I could see nothing in the darkness.
We ran out of gas a mile before reaching a town, and the dawn light was already full on us when he came trudging slowly back. After cranking the starter for a while, the engine fired again, and we set off into town to the gas station for a fill. I slept for a while. Then it got cold; my father fiddled with the heater controls but no warm air came through the vents.
We finally reached Jacksonville after driving straight for eight hundred miles, stopping only for gas. As a faculty member, my father was allotted housing, a first floor apartment; the second floor was occupied by a language laboratory, where students listened to taped lessons in their chosen language.
The first thing I noticed when I lay down in bed was that the sounds from the language laboratory could be heard through the ventilator shafts, which were commodious and made of sheet metal. Even at night, it seemed, I could hear people talking in French, Spanish, German, Russian, or unintelligibly in some unknown language.
I wanted to get a cat, but my father said no, you can’t have a cat. I suspected later that he didn’t want me to have a cat because he was afraid it would make me gay. So we went to a farm outside of town and he got me a puppy, a beagle. We tried to keep him in the house, but he couldn’t be paper-trained. Nothing would induce him to poop in the right place.
One day the dog pooped on the floor right in front of the front door. My father came in from class and stepped right into it, almost slipping on it. That was the last of the dog. My father gave the dog to our neighbors across the alley, who kept the dog tied up in the back yard.
My father got me two hamsters, a boy and a girl, and I played with them a little bit. Sometimes they got out of their cages and I had to go looking for them under the sofa.
Before we drove to Jacksonville, my father began dating a woman that he met in his psychology class (he was a student instructor, already having his master’s degree.) After he got the job in Jacksonville, he proposed marriage to her (although he had already made sure of her by taking her to bed.) She was very taken with him and accepted.
During the Christmas vacation, they got married while I stayed with my mother and sister. My mother was crying and I didn’t know what had gone wrong, but much later I realized that she was crying because she still loved him and didn’t want him to get married again. She couldn’t live with him because of the arguments so she had asked for a divorce; but she couldn’t avoid him completely, depending on him for money, for one thing. After the divorce, she only asked for child support for myself and my sister. Even so, it was hard on him.
We drove back to Jacksonville, the three of us, after Christmas. I had met Vicki, my new stepmother, before, and I had thought she was very nice; in fact, I preferred her over the other girl that my father had suggested to me for a new mother. I’m not sure, but I think he was pleased with my choice because he preferred Vicki too.
Many years later, Vicki told me that Ted had laid down some rules for her to follow. She told me that he had said that she should never touch me, not even a hug or a kiss. I was to be kept in the dark as much as possible with regards to her and she was to stay fully dressed whenever she was around me.
Nonetheless, Vicki and I developed a close friendship and we played word games and other little amusements. I don’t remember exactly what we did but it was like playing with codes or something.
When we got back to Jacksonville after Vicki and my father had gotten married, we opened the front door to find the rooms completely filled with steam and water all over the floor. The pipes in the bathroom had frozen and burst, and there was a natural ice sculpture in the bathroom with icicles hanging from the ceiling. Apparently the heat had been left off while we were gone and it got so cold that the water in the pipes froze. When it thawed, the pipes that had broken open started spurting water everywhere.
When I went to school, I found that classes had already started, and I was a few days behind. Everyone stared at me. I was not surprised to see a few black faces in the class, although I had never seen a Negro before. My father had told me that there would be black people here and explained that they were exactly the same as everyone else except that their skin color was darker.
He told me to treat everyone the same. I didn’t understand at first what he meant, but later I realized that not everyone thinks the same way. I got into trouble one day when I passed a note to Stuart Freiburg that had a naughty word in it, “shit” or something like that. The teacher sent me home with a note and I had to explain to my father.
He said that there are several words that people don’t want to have heard in public, and it was just a social convention. He said that I should not use those words with other people, but when I was grown up, it wouldn’t matter so much.
At first, I thought my father was a fount of wisdom, but after several years I began to question his judgement. The place where he succeeded the most was in making me get good grades. He paid me, for example, ten cents for every “outstanding”; if I got a “satisfactory” I got nothing. If I got a “needs improvement” then I lost ten cents. We got report cards every six weeks and there were some thirty or forty marks on each card. There was a chance I could get as much as three dollars on a single report card.
After he instituted this system, my grades picked up rapidly. Within six months, I was making two dollars or more on every report card.
This is a first draft. Anyone with comments or who has personal knowledge that can contribute to this story, please send your comments here.
Cuban Doctors Come to US
via U.S. and Cuba at Odds Over Exodus of the Island’s Doctors – The New York Times.
Since 2006, the US has had a program under which Cuban medical doctors are offered permanent residency in the US– no strings attached. Once they are here, however, they face many obstacles to gaining the right to practice medicine in an American state.
This program, whatever its intentions, has resulted in a loss of medical professionals to the Cuban public, which needs medical care more acutely because of its poverty and the prevalence of certain chronic infectious diseases endemic to the area.
For many years, Cuba has offered temporary medical doctors to other impoverished countries, especially in South America. This has greatly improved the health care in these countries and provided the doctors with valuable experience in the field.
The new US program is called the Cuban Medical Professional Parole Program and is administered by the Department of Homeland Security. The program normally takes six weeks from application to departure, but because of a dramatic increase in applicants, it has stretched out to almost six months.
Many doctors have suddenly decided to apply for the program because thawing relations between the US and Cuba are likely to close down this “loophole.” Some of these doctors are already posted in foreign countries and are stuck there waiting for their visas.
The Cuban health system is one of the best in the Southern tier of countries of both North and South America. Training is free, and all residents of Cuba are guaranteed free medical care– although it is not as well-developed as in the US, it is free and comprehensive.
Even the Obama administration lauded the Cuban medical relief system, which sends medical teams to other countries, particularly during natural disasters.
Cuba benefits financially from this medical aid system because the countries that need aid often are willing to provide commodities that Cuba needs and are in surplus elsewhere– particularly oil.
The doctors receive inadequate salaries and work under desperate conditions at times. They feel that they are being exploited, and this is one more reason to defect.
One doctor described the medical aid system as “modern-day slavery.”
The program of expediting doctor defections was described as “an exploding cigar left over by the Bush administration” (that’s the second Bush) by Robert Muse, a Washington lawyer who specializes in the laws of the two countries.
More than seven thousand medical professionals have come in through the program since it began in 2006. In the fiscal year of 2015, 1663 people came in. This was a 32 percent increase, and represents a tripling of admittances since 2011.
The US program is apparently so popular that some applicants have presented fraudulent credentials to get in. The Cuban government has restricted specialists from travelling abroad without permission, starting December 7.
The US program to bring doctors in is in parallel with US laws that make it possible for almost any Cuban who reaches American soil to be granted asylum and permanent residency.
One surgeon in Havana said that the only doctors who haven’t left are only here because they can’t afford the price of a plane ticket, given the low salaries they are paid by the Cuban government.
Doctors who come to the US frequently find that their credentials are inadequate and that it is extremely difficult to pass the examinations required to obtain a license. The examination for foreign doctors covers the entire medical curriculum at once, while the exam for native doctors only covers the latter, clinical part of their training.
Some foreign doctors, daunted by the examination, have instead become physician assistants or nurses. Their talents are underused in these positions, and they are not paid nearly as much. Nonetheless, they are happy to be here and enjoy their new jobs. I have personally communicated with several doctors from South America who have become physician assistants and have done well, with accommodating doctors as their supervisors.
Some doctors miss their country of origin and feel homesick, but they appreciate the freedom and opportunities they have in the US.
Most of the above is sourced from the NYT article noted at the head of this post.
A book, a woman, and a flask of wine:
The three make heaven for me;
via Inspirational Omar Khayyam Quotes – Daily Inspiration.
This is one of Omar’s most well-known quotations, but it is only a small part of a very long poem, which is in full on this webpage. It is a beautiful poem, with or without that line, and I recommend it for peace of mind and inspiration.
There is much more than just this poem on this webpage, but I will leave it to you to explore. Enjoy!
There is no Calligraphy but Calligraphy
A Virginia school district closed its schools on Friday amid an angry backlash, including a possible “risk of harm to school officials,” over an assignment that asked high school students to copy a Muslim creed in Arabic calligraphy.
Students in a world geography class at Riverheads High School in Staunton, Va., had been asked to try their hands at copying a passage known as the Shahada, or declaration of faith in Islam. The work sheet distributed to students on Dec. 11 said: “This should give you an idea of the artistic complexity of calligraphy.”
But some parents accused the teacher of trying to convert their children to Islam, inciting an angry outcry in the largely rural district nestled in the Shenandoah Valley. The Shahada is recited as part of daily prayer, and translates to, “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.” Speaking the Shahada before witnesses is an important step in converting to Islam.
The complaints were further fueled by the teacher inviting female students to wear a head scarf, as many Muslim women do. The number of angry calls and emails to the district increased sharply as this week wore on, fueled by growing media coverage of the controversy.
via Lesson on Islam Shuts Down Virginia School District – The New York Times.
This is another example of how the best-laid and most-sincere plans can go awry. There’s nothing wrong with practicing calligraphy– even in Arabic. But to ask students to write, “There is no Allah but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah” even if they don’t know what it means, is state-sanctioning of religion, in this case, the Islamic religion.
Get a clue, folks. Try practicing, “See Spot Run” in Arabic calligraphy. That way, you will exercise their devilish little minds without forcing them to recite the central creed of Islam, not even knowing what they’re writing.
Epicurus in so many Words
The politics of writing blog has a good post today, which I recommend. It gives the birth date of Epicurus as 341 BCE, in Samos, an island off the coast of Greece. Epicurus’ most famous saying, I believe, is a four-parter: “Don’t fear G-d, don’t worry about death, what is good is easy to get, and what is terrible is easy to endure.” Epicurus is known as the father of the Epicurean philosophy, which has received a lot of bad press, but which, along with atomism, is one of classical Greece’s most lasting contributions to the happiness (or unhappiness) of mankind. Did I mention democracy?
More Bad News for a Bad Boy: Martin Shkreli
Shkreli resigned overnight as CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, one day after federal authorities charged him in an unrelated securities fraud scheme.
The privately held company said Ron Tilles, chairman of the biopharmaceutical firm, will serve as interim CEO while retaining his current position.
“We wish to thank Martin for helping us build Turing Pharmaceuticals into the dynamic research focused company it is today, and wish him the best in his future endeavors, Mr Tilles said in a statement. “At the same time, I am very excited about the opportunity to guide Turing Pharmaceuticals forward.”
Shkreli has called himself “the world’s most eligible bachelor” on Twitter — and just days before his bust bragged, “I’m the most successful Albanian to ever walk the face of this Earth.”
via Why hated CEO Martin Shkreli is worse than you thought.
This article lists several more reasons to wish Martin Shkreli coal in his stocking this year. And next year too.
Good News for Kurdistan
Genel Energy Plc GENL (LON) , the largest independent oil and gas operator in Kurdistan, will sell its first crude oil through a new pipeline to Turkey later this month.The regional government of the oil rich, semi-autonomous region of Iraq announced officially last week in Erbil, the regional capital, it would begin pumping the first 2 million barrels of oil through the pipeline by the end of January, on its own authority and without the prior approval of the Iraqi government.
via ISIS Black Market Oil: Nathaniel Rothschild’s Genel Energy Profits | News.
This article, from October 2014, slipped under the radar at the time, but now it’s up and running. Genel’s latest news announcement regarding payments says that they have received $16.5 million as their share of a $30 million dollar payment by the Kurdish regional government as of December 14, 2015.
The firm has raised 2.2 billion dollars in capital in addition to a $2.1 billion share exchange, to build up its infrastructure, and is ready to pump. Exports could top 10 million barrels a month by the end of 2015. These developments can only help Kurdistan along towards independence from Iraq, a long-cherished goal of the Kurdish people. There is a major difference in state-building from the Islamic State in that the Kurds will defend their own territory to the death, but will not attack the Islamic State beyond their own borders. The Kurdish state is unlikely to wage aggressive war against the Islamic State, and with good reason.
The Kurds have received covert support from the US since the first Iraq war, in which Iraq invaded a defenseless, rich country on its southern border and the US, NATO, and many allies under the first President Bush crushed the Iraqis but couldn’t directly liberate the Kurds. US troops had to stand by and watch while Iraqi troops massacred Kurds on the other side of a canal separating their forces.
There are 200,000 Syrian refugees in Kurdistan currently, and the best thing the US could do right now is to support the Kurds in their independence and oil-pumping efforts. With 1.4 billion barrels in “proven and probable” reserves, there is plenty more oil to come, and with it the status of the Syrian refugees is sure to improve.
Highlights
•Behavioral marker of inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmission is perturbed in autism
•Marker predicts higher-order autistic symptom severity
•Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters measured in the brain predict behavior
•Action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, is reduced the autistic brain
Summary
An imbalance between excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission has been posited as a central characteristic of the neurobiology of autism [ 1 ], inspired in part by the striking prevalence of seizures among individuals with the disorder [ 2 ]. Evidence supporting this hypothesis has specifically implicated the signaling pathway of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in this putative imbalance: GABA receptor genes have been associated with autism in linkage and copy number variation studies [ 3–7 ], fewer GABA receptor subunits have been observed in the post-mortem tissue of autistic individuals [ 8, 9 ], and GABAergic signaling is disrupted across heterogeneous mouse models of autism [ 10 ]. Yet, empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis in humans is lacking, leaving a gulf between animal and human studies of the condition. Here, we present a direct link between GABA signaling and autistic perceptual symptomatology. We first demonstrate a robust, replicated autistic deficit in binocular rivalry [ 11 ], a basic visual function that is thought to rely on the balance of excitation/inhibition in visual cortex [ 12–15 ]. Then, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrate a tight linkage between binocular rivalry dynamics in typical participants and both GABA and glutamate levels in the visual cortex. Finally, we show that the link between GABA and binocular rivalry dynamics is completely and specifically absent in autism. These results suggest a disruption in inhibitory signaling in the autistic brain and forge a translational path between animal and human models of the condition.
via Reduced GABAergic Action in the Autistic Brain: Current Biology.
This finding has revolutionary implications for the biology of autism. For example, it is possible that exposure to certain drugs (such as antidepressants) during pregnancy may predispose to autism. This study will prompt many more studies of the effect of GABA in autism. There are already a number of drugs available that mimic or transmute the effects of GABA in the brain. There is, of course, gabapentin, which is an analog of GABA but is thought to act at an entirely different neurotransmitter site. There is also baclofen, which resembles GABA as well. Finally, there is the are newer drugs that may be used either in research or therapeutically.
The study itself is an eloquent demonstration of the ability of the MR scanner to detect individual chemical compounds in the brain. It discovered that there is no change in the total amount of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) in the brain, but that autistic people seem to have difficulty controlling their binocular vision because of a deficiency in signalling due to a defect in the GABA pathway.
The study also offers the possibility of non-invasively detecting and evaluating the severity of autism, a potentially life-saving breakthrough. Only time will tell, after replication and extension of these findings, what new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques can accomplish.